Case Study for Twitter Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

For Twitter - Case Study Example ts history, the need to develop and come up with sophisticated products that meet the demand of the clients has been a major challenge owing to complications in technology. Operating under technological platforms, Twitter as an organization has had to exploit various technological niches that could improve the services it provides for its customers. It is obvious that technology keeps on changing and advancing such that what was the norm yesterday is consistently modified to suit the current market needs. The same way, Twitter has struggled to keep up with these changes that ensure relevance in the industry. Among the many units affected by this in the organization is the human resource. The pace at which Twitter is taking to integrate itself into the updated technological world is raising eyebrows. With its vast resources, it is expected that it would be fast transforming itself day by day into a more sophisticated social network platform. This is not really the case from the scrutiny of its developmental milestone. Although it can be argued that in just a decade Twitter has achieved more than many social rival networks, this is still below what it could have maximally achieved. There is a great deal that could have been done (or could still be done) if technology is fully embraced and exploited. Evidently, Twitter has struggled to even reach where it is today. This is shown by the company’s failure to record desirable financial results over the years despite some upgrades (Porter, 2008. p.133-135). The human resource has to either be retrained or constantly updated on the trending technological systems especially in an organization that solely depends on technological efficiencies to deliver to its customers. Sending messages via Twitter, the follow feature as well as tweet and retweet among others are all technology-dependent processes that have to be continuously upgraded in regards to their efficiency and practicality in order for the company to generate

DVD or Digital Versatile Disc Essay Example for Free

DVD or Digital Versatile Disc Essay There are a lot of new media technologies around today and more are being invented each day. DVD is one of the most recent developments and is getting more and more popular each day. DVD stands for the term Digital Versatile Disc and is generally like a CD but can store a lot more data on it. Due to the size of DVDs they can store a whole film on one disc, the quality of these films is really good and the sound can be amazing. They can also store large amounts of extras like deleted scenes from the film, extended scenes and documentaries. DVDs are the replacements for both VHS and CD due to the fact that you can now buy music DVDs and the main use of DVD which is for the storage of films. You can now also buy recordable DVDs and DVD writers so you can now record things from the television and put it onto DVD. Due to these facts DVD has become the fastest growing consumer electronics technology of all time. There are three main types of DVD; these are DVD-Video, DVD-ROM and DVD-Audio. DVD-Video was created to meet the requirements of the film industry by having great picture and great sound on one disc. DVD also offers features like surround sound, extras and different viewing angles. DVD-Video is now the fastest growing consumer electronics technology of all time. Several thousand titles and millions of players are now in use around the world, with annual sales of players and discs doubling each year. DVD-Video players were launched in Japan in November 1996, in the USA in March 1997 and in Europe in 1998. Since then DVD-Video has grown faster than any other consumer electronics format in all these regions. DVD-Video has started to replace VHS as the format of choice for pre-recorded movies, both retail and rental. With the introduction of recordable versions DVD-Video is now set to replace the VHS for home video recording and playback of pre-recorded video. DVD-Video have been set certain requirements to stick to by the Motion Picture Studio Advisory Committee which is based in Hollywood, just about all DVDs released follow these requirements but not all of them, it is not a legal requirement, and it is just a general recommended specification, these are: 135 minutes on one side of a single disc (covering 99% of all movies). Video resolution better than Laserdisc (LD). CD quality surround sound for true home cinema listening. 3 to 5 languages (audio) per title on one disc 4 to 6 subtitles per title on one disc Pan-scan, letterbox and widescreen formats Parental lockout features Copy protection Compatibility with existing CDs Chapter division and access (like Video CD) Manufacturing cost similar to current CD costs. A format called VCD (Video Compact Disc) was tried but did not fulfil the requirements as the sound was not very good and the playing time was not very good either as some films were too long for the disc. Most DVD-Videos also include extras that cannot be included on a VHS, such as biographies, directors commentary, making of the movie etc. An increasing number include DVD-ROM content, which can range from links to relevant websites to a full game based on the movie. The use of websites can allow the disc to be used in different ways with updated text and graphics information on the website complementing the video on the disc. There is also a change in DVD types between countries. You get certain DVDs types in certain countries and they call these regions. You use region 2 in UK and region 1 in America, there are also other regions for other countries. Yet you can buy Multi-Region DVD players which can play all regions of DVD. DVD-ROM Drives are just a sort of DVD player that is attached to a PC like a CD-ROM Drive. They can be used to store games, programs and any computer data. This can be an advantage because it enables you to be able to store massive applications or lots of smaller applications. Modern Game consoles also use DVD-ROM drives for example Microsofts X-Box and Sonys PS2 so they can have more realistic and sophisticated games. The Technical Working Group, representing the computer industry, listed the following requirements for a DVD-ROM specification for multimedia, games and other computer applications.

Case Study :: essays research papers

Telecommunications is the commercial and non-profit organization involved in development, production, distribution, and exhibition of entertainment and information to the public by electronic means. Recently, interactive media has began to interest many consumers. Of the four media functions, the distribution section is most effected by any changes made in the industry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Because changes like these are always being made, media businesses must be prepared, so they can continue to produce revenue and profit. Distribution receives the most attention because it is necessary to learn the consumer demand for interactive media, and what will be the most effective way to distribute this service. This change also impacts distribution because they must do research on the audience. And, after doing this, they'll know and respond to the interests and needs of the consumer. Case Study #2   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Telecommunications is characterized as an industry of technology and innovation. Business includes the use of cameras, computers, transmitters and many more technical devices. Because of this, telecommunication managers must have a basic technical understanding of this business.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Technical skills in a manager are important because, one must be able to supervise employees, and operate facilities. Every year there are new developments in modern technology. These technological changes present serious challenges to media management. They have to continuously make decisions on what new equipment to buy for the company, and what will be needed to stay on top.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Basically, understanding radio waves, computer operations, recording systems etc†¦ will allow the media manager to make wise purchases, expansions and employee decisions in a constantly changing, high-tech industry. Case Study #3   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The product-life cycle theory marks the stages of industrial development from innovation to growth, maturity and decline. Many of the major media businesses are in the mature stage. Unfortunately, a few businesses are in decline. In order to stay in business, many of these companies must reposition themselves for an information-based economy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order to stay on top during this changing economy, businesses have to concentrate on the way the new products are delivered to consumers. In the innovative stage of the Product-Life Cycle, producers need to spend most of the time in research and development (making and refining the product), and in marketing (convincing consumers to buy). The goal is to influence consumers to sample a product by impressing them by its value.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Competition is a big part of the Growth Stage.

Managemen: a case study of wb engineering limited

The flexible nature of management of small and medium scale firm has made the management style in this structure of organization to be difficult. The structure and the size of resources available to small and medium scale organizations these have jointly constituted a factor that makes the management styles in small firms to be at variance with what is obtainable in large-scale organizations. In the view of Slatter (1992:159) cited Collins & Ram, 2003, â€Å"managing fast growth in entrepreneurial firms is one of the most difficult challenges that exists†. Owners often struggle to balance the flexibility required to keep pace with customers demands, with the stability needed to provide employees with a sense of continuity and security. Hence management essentially comprises a careful balancing act between strong leadership and decentralized task-oriented management; and processes involving organizational cohesion and those promoting individual responsibility (Collins & Ram, 2003). As a small and medium scaled firm expands and begin to transform into a large sized organization there is the need for such transformation to be commensurate to changes in management style that hitherto had being practiced; this need be done so that a lacuna would not be created and a lost of touch and proper control of the expanding resources. There is also the need to be awoken to current trend in our everyday dynamic business environment. The non-adherence to these little but significant facts has rendered many well to do but poorly managed organizations to die a premature death. This write up would be looking at those factors that had imposed the difficulty our case study (WB Engineering Limited) is passing through. WB Engineering Limited is a small firm having the aim to develop into a medium scale firm. The coordination of the firm’s human resource portends an impending difficulty to the moving forward of the firm to its next developmental level. Adrian and Grey are both managers of the small firm. Adrian’s relocation to Spain from US where the business located, kept Grey in a tight corner on how to effectively manage the firm’s resources. The immediate cause of the firm’s problem and recommended solutions on how to curtail this problem would be proffered. CONCEPTUALIZATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ORGANIZATION The term ‘small’ is a relative one it is not absolute. The line separating small from large is in a continuum and an issue that is inevitably arbitrary. According to Odaka & Sawai (1999), â€Å"small business is a generic concept. Being the antonym of big business, its social significance becomes clearer when placed in the historical context where the latter first appeared in the world economy†. Bolton 1971, cited in Bannock (2005), he identified three characteristics in its economic definitions of a small firm: A small market share, that is not large enough to influence national price or qualities (even though a village shop may be the only one, its prices cannot get too far out of line from those of major national retailers in the nearest town, even though people will pay something for local convenience) Managed in a personalized way: the owner actively participates in all aspects of the business unlike in a large firm where the shareholders and management are usually almost entirely separate. Independence or the exercise of ultimate management responsibility. A small subsidiary of a large firm, which has a head office to report to, does not share these characteristics. The above characteristics are usually identified with vast majority of business, which are inherently small in size. The study of small firms revolves around it five major features which include {1} Existence {2} Survival. {3} Success {4} Take-off {5} Resource maturity.   And these are regarded as the five stages in small business growth (Churchill & Lewis, 1983). These five stages go a long way to influence and determine the success that trails the small business historical growth. ADDUCED REASONS LEADING TO THE FALL OF WB ENGINNEERING LIMITED Transition from a small or medium size of business organization to a large entity, it requires the need to restructure the organizational structure and also the organizational strategy should be enhanced to be in tune with the new status the organization is attaining. Managing a fast growing entrepreneurial firm as that of WB Engineering is a onerous task that requires adequate managerial dexterity in balancing the flexibility required to keep pace with customer demands, alongside with the stability needed to provide employees with a sense of continuity and security in the transitional organization. One way of doing this is through a strong leadership in the organization that provides a key role in overcoming the confusion that usually accompanies growth and is necessary to build and maintain the cohesiveness of the organization. According to Collins & Ram (2003), â€Å"management essentially comprises a careful balancing act between strong leadership and decentralized task- oriented management; and processes involving organizational cohesion and those promoting individual responsibility†. Looking at the case study, WB Engineering Limited had missed the mark in a cohesive management of its expanding business and the leadership style adopted had being one of a centralized and undemocratic. The WB Engineering organization started well as a small entrepreneurial firm that adequately managed its resources and put in that individual- centralized managerial skill required at this stage of the business. But as the organization expands and transforms into a conglomerate status; integrating on a vertical level and diversification of resources and operations level, it then requires that at this developmental and transitional level in the organization that a cohesive maintenance of the organization is adopted through a strong leadership that exhibit a decentralized and democratic leadership style. The focus here is that WB Engineering Limited failed to give room for experts trained in specific managerial skills to assist in managing the growth of the organization. This became visible when Adrian moved to Spain, Gary felt totally abandoned and helpless. Assuming there is a decentralized structure in place, the absence of Adrain would not have constituted a big effect. His absence would have being adequately covered. It thus invariably signifies that the management has being one that is centralized even in this assuming state of the expansion of the organization. This had helped in the collapse of the organization. The no cohesive management of the organization again is reflected in the disconnected and autonomous management of the specialised units within the company as a group of satellites. The uncoordinated nature of the management of the organization shows the lapses in management style; which is another factor that has contributed to the fall in WB Engineering Limited. The lapses in managerial style adopted by Gary and Adrain is the lack of consultation with specialist before embarking on projects and also the lack of proper forecasting and research before venturing into a new business environment. Though, the WB Engineering Limited spent a whooping sum (2million pounds) in consulting professional and legal fees, this was done after the deal has being signed and as a way of restructuring the organization, after the acquisition of ESR, to be floated as a public organization. Assuming a little part of the sum had being spent in managerial consultancy and proper forecasting and research work, prior to the time the deal of acquiring ESR, this would have enable WB Engineering Limited to foresee the possibility of the acquisition as a dead trap, and an alternative measure would have being taking to avert the impending consequences. It is seen that the management style of the WB Engineering Limited had failed to grow out of its old shell and imbibe current management techniques and adopting strategic planning for the transitional organization. As it is a noticeable fact, management style in small firms have been more on operational plan than strategic plan. While strategic plan is conceived as â€Å"a written long-range plan, which includes both a corporate mission statement and a statement of organizational objectives operating planning on the other hand is defined as the setting of short-term objectives for specific functional areas such as finance, marketing, and personnel† (Shrader, et al 1989). A strategic planning needs adequate forecasting and researching. The embarking on projects without proper forecasting and re searching on consequences and building alternatives plan had being the waterloo of WB Engineering Limited when it acquired ESR. According to Orpen, â€Å"strategic planning benefits small firms by causing them to explore new alternatives for increasing sales and improving their competitive advantages (ibid). The management of WB Engineering Limited failed to recognize the significance of business environment in influencing the outcome of business operation. The preference for racing car in the UK market is different from what is obtainable in the US market. First impression matters a lot. The first introduced model of racing car in ESR by WB Engineering Limited, with a lesser quality in comparison with its other produce had beclouded the mind of prospecting customer, even when a winning model was reengineered by the company best engineering hands; little was done to safeguard the already battered image of the immerging firm (WBE-ESR organization) in US. Another factor that had contributed to the fall of WB Engineering Limited is the lack of concentrating all its resources directly at the operation it is having an upper hand. The organization had no specialized operation area; it is thus becoming Jack of all trade and master of none. Since the organization had cut an ace for itself in technical expertise and project engineering skill to mainstream automotive market, it ought   to have concentrated its resources in consolidating its operation around this   area, rather than dabbling into other areas like   owning a car racing team, and other project that is unrelated to it core area of operation. Concentrating and being specialized in a function makes the organization the master in such operation, hence competitive advantage over its rivals, even in this modern dynamic business world. From the given extract of WB Engineering Limited historical antecedents, it is observed that the organization ha a poor human relationship with its workers. They are not adequately informed and carried along in the organization scheme of operation. This is reflected where senior employees of the organization began to question the strategic direction of the organization. This shows that initially the senior employees were not partakers to the strategic planning. This also goes back to support the centralized and non consultative pattern which the management of the organization operates. The non involvement of workers especially the senior workers in the organization strategy planning, this had given them no sense of belonging in the organization, hence the lack of zeal to pursue the organizations objectives and goals. According to Marlow & Patton (1993), â€Å"the effective management of employees is also emerging as a key variable in the survival of mall firms†. The management of workers and non-consultation attitude of the management had contributed to the poor relationship of human resource in the organization with the management. CHANGES TO BE DONE IN ORDER TO IMPROVE THE ORGANIZATION EFFECTIVENESS The WB Engineering Limited need to adopt changes in ways it operates and the organizational structure for it to improve on its effectiveness. The under listed are ways the organization can achieve its effectiveness. First, there is a need that the organization restructures its management structure, which hitherto had been a centralized and undemocratic one. A decentralized organizational structure permits room for participation and workers contributing their innovative ideas in ways that would spur the organization ahead and make it compete vigorously with its rivals and attaining greater customer satisfaction. Thus, there is the need that the management of WB Engineering is decentralized, the strategic planning of the organization should not be left to only Adrain and Gary; workers involvement would go a long way to effect a positive change in the organization. Also, the need to adopt a formal structure in the organization would also aid in bringing an effective management structure where each worker knows who to report to and the responsibility expected of him. There is also the need for the organization to build a more beneficial relationship between the organization’s human resource and the management. Since the WB Engineering Limited is becoming vast in its operations, it should imbibe those strategic operations adopted by large organization; thus there is the need to carry out a strategic human resource management. According to Bacon et al (1996), cited in Wagar (1998), â€Å"small business managers are increasingly aware of new management ideas, and a number of organizations have implemented initiatives traditionally identified with large firm†. Thus the strategic human resource management has to do with the organization using its human resource in jointly drawing out strategies on which the organization would operate on. In modern times† firms were most likely to report sharing business information with employees and rapid change, keeping employees informed is important† (Wagar, 1998). The WB Engineering Limited should do more to incorporate more effective forecasting and consultative research prior to embarking on projects. This would not only   safe the organization from engaging in wrong business and project deals, but also enable it know how to manage its resources in the most rewarding   way. There is also the need for a well coordinated chain of the organization’s satellites businesses. This should be synchronized toward achieving same goal. The different group of satellites and other operational areas of the WB Engineering conglomerate should be coordinated in a fashion to jointly work towards achieving the goal of the organization. As earlier stated, the organization should concentrate its resources in the area of technical expertise and project engineering which over the years had being its major profit maximizing venture. It is also suggested that the acquired ESR in U.S. since this has being the waterloo and the immediate cause of the impediment to the growth of WE Engineering Limited; this should be made to enter into a strategic alliance with other thriving organization in the United States. Instead of a full merger, the organization resources and managerial know-how can form an alliance with other effective organization in strategizing a way of moving the organization through a symbiotic relationship. This will give the organization the ability to take advantage of the environment in which it operates. Lastly, it is suggested that in this ever dynamic contemporary business world, the organization should follow the trend of the time and adapt to modern management techniques; such as strategic human resource management, Total Quality management (TQM), having competitive advantage through product differentiation. When these are adopted it would give the organization an edge over its rival and make the WB Engineering Limited regain its lost glory in the race car construction industry. REFRENCES Bannock, Graham (2005), The Economic and Management of Small Business: An International Perspective. New York: Routledge Publisher. Collins, L. & Ram, M. (2003), â€Å"Managing the Entrepreneurial Firm† Stream 9: Critical realist in Perspectives on Entrepreneurial Organization and Discourses. June http://www.mngt.waikato.ac.nz/ejrot/cmsconfrence/2003/proceedings/criticalrealist/collins.pdf (06/03/06) Neil C Churchhill and Lewis, V. L. (1983), the Five Stages of Small business Growth. Harvard Business Review, 61, 2-11 Shrader, C.B. et al (1989), â€Å"Strategic and Operational Planning, Uncertainty and Performance in Small Firms† in Journal of Small Business Management Vol. 27, No. 4 Odaka, K. & Sawai, M. (1999), Small Firms, Large Concerns, The development of Small Business in Comparative Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press. P1. Wagar, Terry H. 91998), â€Å"Determinants of Human Resource management Practices in Small Firms: Some evidences from Atlantic Canada† in Journal of Small Business Management Vol.36, No.2.            

Play Critique Essay

The play being discussed in this critique will be Metamorphoses written and originally directed by Mary Zimmerman. The URI Theatre department produced its own version directed by Steven Raider-Ginsburg. It was performed between the dates of February 21-March 3, 2013. Costume design was by David T Howard, Scene design by Patrick Lynch. Lighting design was handled by Christian Wittwer and Sound design was by Michael Hyde. This production shows students continuing their development as actors thru the form of Theatre. Metamorphoses is a play that is staged as a series of vignettes. It was originally based on the poem by the Roman poet Ovid. He uses ancient Greek Mythology to explain the events happening in the vignettes. Gods like Poseidon, Hermes Americo Lanni. Or Hades and Midas played by Brandon Gailliard. Zeus and Bacchus were played by Benjamin Hill. Who could forget Aphrodite played by Catherine Poirier. Metamorphoses is not a conventional arrangement and has a non-linear point of view. A linear dramatic action may be set as with the following steps, one- A state of equilibrium, two- An inciting incident, three.- Point of attack of the major dramatic question, four- Rising action, five- Climax, six- Resolution and seven- New state of equilibrium. First one event, then the next and the following one after that and so on and so forth. Metamorphoses does not follow this laid out set of steps and no single analysis can make it follow this formula. However each of the separate stories embedded within the play is in itself a â€Å"well-made play† within a play. Each story can be easily followed and analyzed through a look at the seven parts already established. An example that can easily demonstrate and lay out the structure is the story of Erysichthon described within Metamorphoses. When it comes to the actual production of the play there are several differences between individual performances of this play. The original play was done on water, I understand that would not be possible here. The lighting however did work for most of the play. The one part in particular I didn’t like was for the lightning strike, maybe make the lighting fixture in the shape of a lightning bolt? Set design was another area I took particular attention to during the play. When it got dark in between scenes that’s when I knew changes were being made but I can honestly say I never was able to see anyone making changes even though you knew they were there. The costume design for this play was also another challenge to create I saw. The play tended to jump a couple centuries at a time with leads to vastly different wardrobe changes. Like in the beginning they were wearing very basic white sheets, yet underneath you could notice the other layers they would be needing for later. The sound however was probably the biggest drawback for this play. Maybe it’s because the speakers aren’t the greatest but it seemed at times the special effect sounds were quitter than the actors, you couldn’t even notice it at times when you were supposed to. Overall this was a very satisfying Theatre performance for me to see. It was my first but probably will not be my last, I look forward to enjoying more.

How to Conjugate the French Applaudir (to Applaud, Clap)

How to Conjugate the French Applaudir (to Applaud, Clap) The French word applaudir means to applaud or to clap. Applaudir is  a regular verb, meaning its one of those words thats relatively easy to conjugate.   How to Conjugate the French Verb Applaudir To conjugate a regular verb, start with the stem and add the ending appropriate of the type of verb youre conjugating and the subject pronoun youre using- the person or thing doing the action. Applaudir is a regular -ir verb, so  the stem is  applaud- and the endings are those of regular infinitives ending in -ir. This chart will help you figure out how conjugate applaudir. Present Future Imperfect j applaudis applaudirai applaudissais tu applaudis applaudiras applaudissais il applaudit applaudira applaudissait nous applaudissons applaudirons applaudissions vous applaudissez applaudirez applaudissiez ils applaudissent applaudiront applaudissaient The present participle of applaudir is applaudissant. The present participle is less common in French than its English equivalent -ing. You may use the present participle as an adjective, gerund, noun  or verb. For example: Applaudissant, nous avons commencà © departer le thà ©Ãƒ ¢tre.Applauding, we began to leave the theater. Other Simple Conjugations of Applaudir Subjunctive Conditional Pass simple Imperfect subjunctive j applaudisse applaudirais applaudis applaudisse tu applaudisses applaudirais applaudis applaudisses il applaudisse applaudirait applaudit applaudt nous applaudissions applaudirions applaudmes applaudissions vous applaudissiez applaudiriez applaudtes applaudissiez ils applaudissent applaudiraient applaudirent applaudissent Imperative (tu) applaudis (nous) applaudissons (vous) applaudissez How to Form the Past Tense of Applaudir You can use the imperfect tense to talk about something in the past (japplaudissais / I was clapping) but youre more likely to use the passà © composà ©, which is a compound tense. Applaudir uses the auxiliary verb avoir, and the past participle is applaudi. For example: Jai applaudi.I applauded. Nous avons applaudi.We applauded.

Free Essays on Women Studies

Women, men, children and communities are all separately affected by the demoralizing aspect of date rape that is continuously occurring in the society that surrounds everyone. Why is it that so many individuals are aware of date rape, yet no one seems to take into consideration the importance of the issues in society? It seems to be such an unpleasant issue that it is too difficult for many to discuss. Silence is becoming too expected to the victims of date rape. The â€Å"culture of silence† keeps in the humiliation, the fear of rejection and shame that victims could be feeling everyday of their lives. Individuals want to feel normal and fit into society, so dealing with the myths and deception within society is more acceptable for them. Sometimes silence seems to be the more acceptable way in society. Date rape is interpreted differently from everyone this is where the myths and silence seems to be more acceptable. Regardless of the laws that protect each individual, it is highly known that there are more victims who are silent than who decide to come forward. Even the term â€Å"date rape† pushes people away because it is an extremely sensitive subject. People are more aware of the myths that are throughout society than the actual aspects that surround rape. â€Å"Date rape† sounds as if it were to happen with the choice of each pattern in a dating situation. There really is no way to make the issue sound better because it is too a horrible aspect in life, but people need to take into consideration that it can happen to anyone. With all of the sensitive subjects, date rape seems to be one that is less heard of than others. â€Å"In reality, the woman who has been sexually assaulted frequently finds that both she and the accused are being judged. At the heart of this systemic bias is a long tradition of rape myths that have permeated not only the legal system, but that are perv asive in society† (Du Mont, Janice; Parnis, Deborah, 102-1... Free Essays on Women Studies Free Essays on Women Studies Women, men, children and communities are all separately affected by the demoralizing aspect of date rape that is continuously occurring in the society that surrounds everyone. Why is it that so many individuals are aware of date rape, yet no one seems to take into consideration the importance of the issues in society? It seems to be such an unpleasant issue that it is too difficult for many to discuss. Silence is becoming too expected to the victims of date rape. The â€Å"culture of silence† keeps in the humiliation, the fear of rejection and shame that victims could be feeling everyday of their lives. Individuals want to feel normal and fit into society, so dealing with the myths and deception within society is more acceptable for them. Sometimes silence seems to be the more acceptable way in society. Date rape is interpreted differently from everyone this is where the myths and silence seems to be more acceptable. Regardless of the laws that protect each individual, it is highly known that there are more victims who are silent than who decide to come forward. Even the term â€Å"date rape† pushes people away because it is an extremely sensitive subject. People are more aware of the myths that are throughout society than the actual aspects that surround rape. â€Å"Date rape† sounds as if it were to happen with the choice of each pattern in a dating situation. There really is no way to make the issue sound better because it is too a horrible aspect in life, but people need to take into consideration that it can happen to anyone. With all of the sensitive subjects, date rape seems to be one that is less heard of than others. â€Å"In reality, the woman who has been sexually assaulted frequently finds that both she and the accused are being judged. At the heart of this systemic bias is a long tradition of rape myths that have permeated not only the legal system, but that are perv asive in society† (Du Mont, Janice; Parnis, Deborah, 102-1...

Using Broach and Brooch Correctly

Using Broach and Brooch Correctly The words broach and brooch are homophones: theyre pronounced the same but have different meanings.   Definitions As a verb, broach means to pierce, break into, or open up. The verb broach also means to introduce (a topic) for discussion or make (something) known for the first time. As a noun, broach refers to a tapered cutting tool or a hole made by such a tool. The noun brooch refers to an ornamental pin thats usually worn at the neck. The two words are pronounced alike: brÃ… ch (rhymes with coach). Examples The best time to broach the topic of a raise is on a slow day at work.The broach has a series of cutting teeth along the axis of the tool.Humphrey Pump plunged down again into the sunken nest and began to  broach the cask  of rum in his own secret style, saying We can get something else somehow tomorrow. For tonight we can eat cheese and drink rum, especially as theres water on tap, so to speak.(G.K. Chesterton,  The Flying Inn, 1914)The princess wore a diamond brooch the size of a silver dollar. Usage Notes A brooch, a decorative pin or clip, is nothing like a broach. But since theyre often pronounced alike, and because ignorance never rests, some dictionaries accept broach as an alternative spelling of brooch.(Jane Straus,  et al.,  The Blue Book of Grammar and Punctuation, 11th ed. Jossey-Bass, 2014)If you broach something, you are suggesting that it is a valid topic for possible further discussion. If you wear a brooch on your dress, you hope that it will attract attention because of its beauty, and therefore, of course, attract attention to you who are wearing the brooch.(David Rothwell, Dictionary of Homonyms. Wordsworth, 2007 ) Practice (a) Because Ms. Widmark said she was there on business, the lawyer felt he should _____ the matter of his fees. (b) Marie wore the emerald _____ that she had inherited from her grandmother. Answers Answers to Practice Exercises:  Broach and Brooch (a) Because Ms. Widmark said she was there on business, the lawyer felt he should  broach  the matter of his fees.(b) Marie wore the emerald  brooch  that she had inherited from her grandmother.

Strategic Marketing Analysis for Starbucks Essay

Strategic Marketing Analysis for Starbucks - Essay Example In 1971, Starbucks was established on adoration for espresso. Three specialists, Gordon Bowker, Jerry Baldwin, and Zev Sigel, had a longing to impart that love to Seattle by opening a little coffeehouse known as Starbucks Coffee, Tea & Spice. After ten years, Starbucks had developed to four retail locations situated all over the Seattle region. Entire bean espresso was sold in all four areas. After coming to 100 stores in 1992 the organization opened up to the world. Starbucks developed at an exponential pace from there on, into a fruitful, extraordinary worldwide association that aids about 35 million clients a week (Van, 2006). Starbucks utilizes a grid arrangement by joining divisional and useful structures. Due to the multifaceted nature of network structures, Starbucks is classified as an unthinking association, which involves high vertical and flat unpredictability, high formalization, high centralization, slender compasses of control, and high institutionalization. The CEO of Starbucks, Howard Shultz, has attempted to make a more productive and streamlined structure where data can stream openly from the client and low-level worker to the corporate level. This is frequently hard to attain to with an elaborate structure. Starbucks uses its grid structure to keep away from the correspondence breakdowns that can happen in an association that uses vertical separation, as the number of levels of power builds a more vertical the organization. Starbucks partitions its work into cross useful workgroups, which permits representatives to answer to various administrators. The network structure appears to work for Starbucks, as they keep up compelling correspondence, excellent item advancement, productive generation, and praiseworthy client benefit accordingly (Chernev, 2006).

Ebay global strategy analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ebay global strategy analysis - Essay Example The question is, "Why is this a popular place and why are they so successful?" When we look at eBays core competency we are looking at what makes it work. Why do people come to this site to sell products and services? What about eBay gives it a competitive edge over the rest of the "clone" auction sites and why are they successful despite the fact that they have raised their fees? eBay decided when they started that they would become part of the auction market. They had to decide what types of products they would allow and what would happen along the way. eBay has worked very hard to become a leading provider of online sites for auctions. They provide a way for customers to trade with other customers around the world (Coghlan, Pauley, and Scott, 2008, p. 9). Because they also have business people at their helm they have been able to create a stronger market share. According to Decot and Lee (2006) eBay has experienced managers who are savvy in business. Some have referred to them as a "tech company run by business people" (Decot and Lee, p. 8). Because of this eBay also is cautious as it takes on new ventures. They want to make sure that if they move forward, they can predict that they will be number one or two in that market (Decot and Lee, p. 9). Another core competency is the fact that they have become the largest online auction site. As of 2006, they had 94.9 million users who were registered in more than 150 countries (Coghlan, Pauley and Scott, p. 9). They have increased their market share in the United States and have over one third of the U.S. population trading regularly on eBay. eBays logo with the variety of colors and unique writing style creates another aspect of its core competency. People recognize the logo, it has become associated with a company that you can trust and most people have purchased at least one item on the site. According to Carr (2001) a value chain is: "†¦the series of activities that your

Writing121 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Writing121 - Essay Example One of the questions asked is whether women and men should be permitted by law to dress as they wish in any society or should restrictions be placed on the ways in which people dress in public. It should be a freedom for people to wear as they please regardless of their gender or race. Giving the people this kind of freedom is going to make them feel free to wear as they please. They will feel that they are not restricted by the laws and will be a happy people. However, dictating or putting limitations on how the people of the nation will wear may make them uncomfortable and hinder them from feeling free to do as they wish. Men should be allowed to wear as they please and women as well in order to strengthen the bond within a nation. Restrictions will have more negative effects on the society than positive effects. Individuals that are better to a point are not usually cooperative. They face the challenge of needing a way to have unique identity and how to experiment on different things. However, due to the restrictions, they end up bottling it up which may with time make them bitter; especially is they do not agree with the reasons behind the restrictions. This does not m atter whether the individual is male or female. The mode of dressing in a nation where the people are free is also the freedom to express one self. The way on dresses is a reflection on their individuality as long as it is their own choice. Therefore, when women and men are given the freedom to dress as they please, they are also awarded the freedom of expression not only in speech but in dressing. They will be free to show what they believe in and dress in a manner that makes them feel comfortable. The individuals in such a nation will not feel obliged to act in a certain manner that suits their dressing code even if they do not believe in it; putting restrictions on the dressing code will force them to act in a

The Globalisation of Logistics and Supply Chains Coursework

The Globalisation of Logistics and Supply Chains - Coursework Example This paper illustrates that every business needs to have an effective strategy that enables it to be strategically ready to deal with the effects of globalization. There are some scholars who believe that globalization only causes problems; contrastingly, some believe that it has both challenges and opportunities that businesses can exploit. Those who are anti-globalization are usually concerned that the phenomenon will cause economic catastrophe and that it should, therefore, be avoided. Anti-globalisation individuals look at globalization from a political point of view and argue that it will have a negative effect on economies around the world (because politics affect economies, so those who are against the globalization believe that globalization makes it easier for international politics affect economies negatively). However, globalization can also be examined from a business point of view. The 19th century was the dawn of globalization. According to Rugman and Collinson, if the right strategies are implemented, firms—and especially big firms, such as multinationals—can benefit a great deal from globalization. According to Worthington and Britton, the firms that have been able to develop an effective global strategy have also been able to advance their interests and increase their global market share while improving their sales and profit margins. A very good example of this is Coca-Cola, which was one of the first multinational firms to begin formulating and implementing a global business strategy even before the debate on globalization was ignited. Because of this, the company was able to come up with ways to take over the global soft drink market, and today, the firm’s products are available and adored all over the globe, even in the least developed regions. This has made Coca-Cola the leader in its industry. Market participation refers to the ways in which firms are able to participate in strategic markets around the world. The worl d consists of more than 200 countries, and even the most globalized firms have been unable to reach all these countries.

HIstorical Film Assignment on JFK Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

HIstorical Film Assignment on JFK - Movie Review Example The Warren Commission headed by Chief Justice Earl Warren along with other investigating authorities such as House Select Committee FBI and Dallas police issued reports identifying Oswald as the sole assassin. A gallop poll conducted after 30 years of assassination indicates that 75% of Americans still believe in conspiracy theories (McCauley & Jacques, 1979). However, the conclusions made by these reports on assumption that Oswald was guilty, even triggered conspiracy theories about the involvement of federal agencies in the assassination (Kurtz, 1982). JFK is a 1991 motion picture, which examines the various events leading to the murder of President John F. Kennedy as explored by New Orleans District Attorney, Jim Garrison. From his existing knowledge and what he learned about links to the murder subsequently, Garrison suspects several loopholes in FBI’s official story. He reopens investigation in 1966 after reading the warrens report, which convinced him of the numerous ina ccuracies and conflicts in the government’s story. ... Garrison presents evidence in court in the trial proceedings of Clay Shaw. However, in the endings, Shaw was acquitted of those allegations and Garrison stated that he will continue to dig out the truth. Though director Oliver Stone was severely criticized for distorting history, his film provoked calls and eventually succeeded in declassification of few secret documents relevant to the assassination (Benoit, 1998). The character portraits were criticized of being unauthentic. For instance, the original character of Garrison was totally inverted and his personality was falsely portrayed as a sympathetic figure in the film. The beating of Martin Jack, a historically dubious character, by Banister was exaggerated and the reasons altered in the film. The death of Ferrie was shown to be a murder, while he actually died of natural causes. Andrews’ claim about Shaw and Bertrand being the same person was falsely depicted in the film. In reality, Andrews totally denied this assumption and never testified to the fact. The witness Perry Russo, who was the key character in real Garrison’s case, was completely ignored and film substituted her with a fictional character O’Keefe (Smolla, 1992; Lambert, 1998). The personality of Shaw was greatly distorted as an arrogant, overt homosexual, while in truth he was a respected individual. There was no such character as X in reality, but fictional and loosely based on Col. Prouty who actually had no access to secret service or inside information. JFK asserts that Lyndon Johnson reversed Kennedy's new withdrawal policy from the Vietnam War, while as evident from declassified documents, the memorandum was drafted when Kennedy was

The Globalisation of Logistics and Supply Chains Coursework

The Globalisation of Logistics and Supply Chains - Coursework Example This paper illustrates that every business needs to have an effective strategy that enables it to be strategically ready to deal with the effects of globalization. There are some scholars who believe that globalization only causes problems; contrastingly, some believe that it has both challenges and opportunities that businesses can exploit. Those who are anti-globalization are usually concerned that the phenomenon will cause economic catastrophe and that it should, therefore, be avoided. Anti-globalisation individuals look at globalization from a political point of view and argue that it will have a negative effect on economies around the world (because politics affect economies, so those who are against the globalization believe that globalization makes it easier for international politics affect economies negatively). However, globalization can also be examined from a business point of view. The 19th century was the dawn of globalization. According to Rugman and Collinson, if the right strategies are implemented, firms—and especially big firms, such as multinationals—can benefit a great deal from globalization. According to Worthington and Britton, the firms that have been able to develop an effective global strategy have also been able to advance their interests and increase their global market share while improving their sales and profit margins. A very good example of this is Coca-Cola, which was one of the first multinational firms to begin formulating and implementing a global business strategy even before the debate on globalization was ignited. Because of this, the company was able to come up with ways to take over the global soft drink market, and today, the firm’s products are available and adored all over the globe, even in the least developed regions. This has made Coca-Cola the leader in its industry. Market participation refers to the ways in which firms are able to participate in strategic markets around the world. The worl d consists of more than 200 countries, and even the most globalized firms have been unable to reach all these countries.

Gerontology clinician Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gerontology clinician - Essay Example Gerontologists study how older people are treated within a society and how elderly deal with the inevitable problems of aging, particularly those involving health and income. Health problems include normal losses in hearing, eyesight, and memory, and the increased likelihood of the incidence of chronic disease. These losses are gradual and proceed at different rates for each individual. In general, the health of older people today is superior to that of previous generations- a condition that is likely to improve still further as more people receive better medical care throughout their lives. In most industrial societies, the high cost of treating chronic illness has been assumed, at least partially, by national health insurance schemes. The second major problem of the elderly involves income and economic welfare. Because most old people no longer form part of the labour force, some form of income maintenance is necessary. Industrial societies generally employ systems of pensions and social security benefits partly for this purpose. In spite of this fact, however, many elderly people live below, on, or only slightly above the poverty level; these are predominantly women and members of ethnic and other minority groups for whom economic security has always been insecure. (Le Shan, 1986) The third factor is that the vast majorities of elderly men are married and live with their wives in homes of their own. In the west generally, many widowed women are able to maintain an independent one- person household. Thus, fewer than about 20 percent of the elderly live in the household of an adult child, and around only around 5 percent are in institutions such as hospitals or nursing homes. Those who live with an adult child or who are institutionalized are typically very old or have serious health problems. Although both the elderly and their children express a strong preference for independent residence, most old people live within a few hours' travel of one of their children. The fourth factor is that the Social relationships might be difficult to maintain in old age because of health limitations, the death of family members and friends, loss of workmates, and lack of suitable affordable transport. Still, many old people invest as much time and energy as possible in friendships and family, and find companionship at special centers and day clubs for senior citizens. Historically, in the past particularly, old people commanded respect, as; indeed they still do in countries such as China and Japan, and the fate of other family members. In most modern societies, however, young people are independent; they themselves choose whom they will marry, and receive public education.(Rashkis, Harold A, 1981). Elderly people themselves, however, often display high levels of morale, satisfaction with life, and feeling of self-worth, even though recently there have been increasing instances of neglect and ill-treatment of elderly people. The important variables in this are, of course, health and income. The responsibility of modern societies in this respect is to ensure that the aged have their basic needs met and that they have the resources to continue to function usefully and happily within the community. (Butler, Robert, 1975). Ageing in biology, combination of changes in an organism that appear to occur inevitably and irreversibly with the passage of time, eventually resulting in death. Among humans they include a decrease in tissue flexibility, loss of some

Examine Shakespeares presentation Essay Example for Free

Examine Shakespeares presentation Essay When Hamlet was first performed in 1601, England had been successfully ruled for forty-three years by Elizabeth I, a strong and influential monarch who reigned without a male counterpart, establishing England as one of the most powerful and prominent countries in the world. This is proof that women can be as successful as men; however women were still seen as second class citizens, and property of their husbands, during the Elizabethan period. Polonius says of Ophelia I have a daughter have while she is mine. (2.2, line 106). This is reflected in Shakespeares portrayal of women in Hamlet, which shows Gertrude in a very different light to Elizabeth Tudor. For many years in the past, many women played a small role socially, economically and politically. As a result of this, many works of literature of this time, including Hamlet, were reflective of this diminutive role of women. Shakespeare suggests the danger of womens involvement in politics at the sovereign level, and reflects the publics desire for a return to a state of stability through a change to a patriarchal system. We can examine Shakespeares presentation of women in Hamlet through the way the two women in the play, Gertrude and Ophelia, are treated by the men in their lives, and by analyzing the context in which they are referred. The first time Claudius refers to Gertrude he says: Our sometime sister, now our Queen, Th imperial jointress of this warlike state, (1. 2, lines 8-9) which shows how he took advantage of his dead brothers wife whilst she was still mourning her husbands death to settle his place on the throne. She married. O most wicked speed, to post, with such dexterity to incestuous sheets. (1.2, lines 156-157) Here Hamlet is accusing his mother of corruption because of her improper sexual activity and marriage. Even though a marital bond existed between Claudius and Gertrude, the rushed and incestuous aspects of the marriage enrage Hamlet. The couple were married less than three months after the death of Hamlets father, and in Hamlets eyes, Gertrudes actions have defiled her character. Royal sexual activity created concerns about both power and purity in the Elizabethan world. As women had no opportunity to fight on the battle field, chastity was the principle measure of their honour and virtue. Therefore Hamlets opinion of his mother has a negative reflection of a womans virtues. Sir Walter Mildway, 1510, said: Choose thy wife for virtue only. Elizabeths sexual conduct drew public attention, and she publicly vowed her purity, even adopting the title Virgin Queen. When King Hamlets ghost appears he refers to Gertrude as his most seeming-virtuous Queen. (1. 5, lines 4-6) He is expressing his belief that Gertrude had always seemed faithful, but now she has married much less of a man she has dishonoured him, and lost all his respect and trust. Even though Hamlet and his father are seeking revenge on Claudius, they continue to speak of Gertrude. In his second soliloquy we expect Hamlet to be expressing his hatred towards Claudius, however he is focusing all of his energy on this most pernicious woman, (1. 5, line 105) who is his mother. This dis-belief at his mothers behaviour is understandable, however, as it is so soon after his fathers death, and you would expect Gertrude to still be mourning the death of her husband that she apparently loved dearly. One of the most famous quotes regarding women in Hamlet is Frailty thy name is woman. (1. 2, lines 146-147) This quote sums up the attitudes of the male characters in the play, that women are by far the weaker sex and gives us a clue as to why the men treat Gertrude and Ophelia with so little respect. In 1558, writer, John Knox described women as weak, frail, impatient, feeble and foolish. Emphasizing the way that women were viewed at the time Hamlet was written. Both the women are greatly controlled by the men of the play, particularly Ophelia who is often told what to do and who has been treated as if she does not have a mind of her own all her life. When asked a question Ophelia often replies with I think nothing, (3. 2, line 118) and when she does express an opinion it is dismissed. Polonius says Affection? Pooh, you speak like a green girl unsifted, (1. 3, line 101) which is extremely patronizing, saying she speaks like an inexperienced and untried girl who does not know what she is talking about. Ophelia could have an out-going personality; however, she is so oppressed that we never get to see a true reflection of her character, due to the constraints of the society she is living in. We even hear Gertrude, the Queen of Denmark, saying to her husband: I shall obey you. By obeying the men and giving in to a passive existence Gertrude and Ophelia are living up to the label that women are the weaker sex. The men give good advice to both women, telling them what to do and when, Polonius tells Ophelia not to give her virginity away too easily when he uses the metaphor set you entreatments at a higher rate then a command to parley, (1. 3, lines 122-123) where her virginity is compared to a castle under siege. Even though Polonius is Ophelias father, he seems to have no respect for her, or her privacy, and rarely thinks of how she may be feeling. He reads Hamlets love letters out-loud to the King and uses Ophelia as bait to improve his image in front of Claudius, which is extremely self-centred and obsequious. Another quote that really stands out in Hamlet that shows how little respect the men have for Gertrude and Ophelia is Get thee to a nunnery. (3. 1, line 121) This is Hamlet telling Ophelia that because he can not have her, no one can, so she has to go to a nunnery, away from all other male contact. He does not ask her how she feels, and is willing to make the rest of her life miserable simply because he can not be with her. It never even occurs to Hamlet that she might be willing to move on and find someone other than him to spend the rest of her life with. After the nunnery scene, Ophelia speaks to Polonius and we hear her opinion for the first and only time. She presents herself entirely as the victim of Hamlets rough treatment. She says: I of ladies most deject and wretched, that sucked the honey of his musiked vows, (3.1, lines 158-159) showing how Ophelia had believed in what Hamlet told her and how she feels dejected about the fact that he claims to have never loved her. God has given you one face, and you make yourselves another, (3. 1, lines 145-146) is Hamlet saying that women wear too much make-up and in doing so are deceiving men into thinking that they are something that they are not. He accuses Ophelia of being a typical woman and is therefore not treating her as an individual. He says: For the power of beauty will sooner transform honesty from what it is bawd, (3.1, lines 111-112) explaining his opinion that beautiful women are untrustworthy and insincere. Even though Hamlet accuses women of this, he is saying it in the heat of an argument so he may be exaggerating and may not be giving his true opinion. Ophelia hardly says a think back to him though, again reflecting the idea that women are frail and passive. Throughout the play Hamlet makes reference to prostitutes, and seems to make a connection between women, sex and corruption. When Hamlet and Polonius are speaking he says: For if the sun breed maggots in a dead dog, being a good kissing carrion. (2. 2, lines 184-185) He uses this metaphor of a dead dog, and a pun on the word sun, to make the point that if the son (Hamlet) kisses the daughter (Ophelia) then she may breed, like the maggots in the dead animal. The characters of the play often refer to sex in a negative manner, and it is never described as a loving act between a couple. In Hamlets second soliloquy he is blaming himself, and compares himself to a slatternly woman saying that he must like a whore, unpack my heart with words, and fall a-cursing like a very drab, a stallion. (2.2, lines 592-594) His references to women are always negative, and he presents them as objects that men can use for sexual pleasure whenever they want. The final point to make about the way Shakespeare presents women is the fact that Ophelia is the only character driven to suicide, and that she is one of only two women in the play. This is possible another way for Shakespeare to make his point that women are by far the weaker sex. Audiences today would find the way that the women in Hamlet are treated extremely surprising as today women are so much more independent. Instead of being a husbands possession, a wife is seen as an equal. Women today have the freedom to be more open-minded, and are allowed to voice opinions other than their husbands. Women today have almost total sexual freedom as well, so the connection between women, sex and corruption would probably cause mixed reactions. This, however, also brings me to the point that even though Shakespeares presentation of women is negative, so is his presentation of men. He shows the men being insensitive, selfish, oppressive and shows them treating women with very little respect. Frailty thy name is woman, no longer applies to the women of the 21st Century as there are more or less equal opportunities for men and women now, and everyone has the same education and job opportunities no matter what sex you may be. I think that this quote sums up Shakespeares overall presentation of women and the treatment of Gertrude and Ophelia shows us how women were oppressed, and often seen as objects rather than human beings.

Indias Foreign Policy Towards China: An Analysis

Indias Foreign Policy Towards China: An Analysis KAUTILYAS THOUGHTS ON FOREIGN POLICY AND ANALYSE ITS RELEVANCE TO MODERN INDIA PARTICULARLY WITH REGARDS TO CHINA CHAPTER I METHODOLOGY General 1. The making of foreign policy is an exercise to achieve ends and means of a nation state. Conceptually it is based on long term goals and related short term objectives. It is the product of past history, geography, evolving national power and prevalent international environment, which is largely out of countrys control[1]. 2. Indian Foreign Policy towards China was initially based on idealism of Nehru, steered towards realism by Mrs Indira Gandhi, asserted by Rajiv Gandhi and culminated with India going overtly nuclear under Vajpayee in May 1998. From Hindi-Chini bhai bhai to potential enemy number one to great friend, India just does not know how to deal with its neighbourhood dragon that has played its cards so skilfully vis-à  -vis India. 3. Indias dominant geostrategic location, vast natural and technological manpower resources, a vibrant emerging economy backed by strong military and nuclear capability, visible soft power and presence of the Indian Diaspora the world over, make it an ideal candidate to be a major player in the world in general and South Asian region in particular. 4. India and China are the two major powers in Asia with global aspirations and some significant conflicting interests. As a result, some amount of friction in their bilateral relationship is inevitable. The geopolitical reality of Asia makes sure that it will be extremely difficult, if not impossible, for Hindi-Chini to be bhai-bhai (brothers) in the foreseeable future. If India and China continue to rise in the next few years, a security competition between the two regional giants will be all but inevitable. If India is serious about its desire to emerge as a major global power, then it will have to tackle the challenge of Chinas rise. A rising China will not tolerate a rising India as its peer competitor. Even if a rising India does not have any intention of becoming a regional hegemon, China will try its best to constrain India as it has already done to a large extent. And it is that containment that India has to guard against. India should make a serious attempt to manage the fr ictions by expanding the zone of cooperation with allies even as it tries to steadfastly pursue its national interests. 5. Indian foreign policy agenda should be driven by only Indias national security imperatives. India needs to be more pro-active, consistent, and realistic when engaging China. It is time for India to realise that Its great power aspirations cannot be realised without a cold-blooded realistic assessment of its own strategic interests in an anarchic international system where there are no permanent friends or enemies, only permanent interests. 6. It would be prudent to look, into the wisdom of Kautilyas , Arthashastra, a treatise on polity and statecraft to learn the lessons on war and strategy , national power and national security and threat perception and threat assessment. Statement of Problem 7. To study Kautilyas thoughts on strategy and analyse its relevance to the present day Indian Geo-political environment with particular regards to China. Justification of the Study 8. Kautilyas Arthashastra has been recognised the world over as an invaluable treatise on all facets of statecraft and polity. Its eternal wisdom and timelessness can be gauged from the fact that it is still quoted by scholars, academicians, bureaucrats and soldiers alike the world over. The interest generated in this epic illustrates that the thoughts on strategy to sustain and advance a state still provides valuable lessons. The twentieth century which has seen two world wars of long duration and host of other conflicts worldwide has also generated a fairly large number of studies on strategy commensurate with the advances in technology and new methods in warfare. But there is certain universality about classical strategic thoughts which prompts academics and scholars to go back to these works both in terms of comparative analysis and their reinterpretation in the changing world. 9. Strategy over the ages has been defined in different ways reflective of the times in which they were made and the existing interstate relations and economic and social state of a nation. Higher or Grand strategy is hardly understood nor does it seem to have been practised in India. It is therefore important to study the various facets of this vital subject as propounded by Kautilya in his Arthashastra, as it is so critical for the existence and security of a nation. Scope 10. The Arthashastra is a compendium on various aspects of statecraft and lays down measures to be followed by a king to sustain and advance a state. The contents of this treatise are very exhaustive covering a broad spectrum to include the minor details at one end to grand strategy on the other. However this study concentrates on the various facets of stratagem enunciated by Kautilya and analyse their relevance to modern India particularly with regards to China Method of Data Collection 11. All the information for this study has been gathered from various books (refer bibliography) and internet. Content 12. Background. Kautilyas Arthashastra is an excellent treatise on statecraft, economic policy and military strategy. It is said to have been written by Kautilya, also known by the name Chanakya or Vishnugupta, the prime minister of Indias first great emperor, Chandragupta Maurya. This chapter will include the following:- (a) Authenticity and date of Arthashastra. (b) Historical account of life of Kautilya. 13. Kautilyas Foreign Policy. In Interstate relations power constitutes the ability of a nation to impose its will on another nation despite resistance. This Chapter will include:- (a) Saptanga concept of state. Kautilyas theory of the state describes the seven constituent elements of any state[2] and is an exposition of the theory of the Circle of States (The mandala theory) as the basis for a foreign policy of expansion by conquest. The seven constituents are the basis of the national power and happiness. He then relates as to how national power varies due to expansion or calamities and how pursuance of national interest is directly related to the possession of national power. (b) Postulates of foreign policy. As a political realist, Kautilya assumed that every nation acts to maximize power and self-interest, and therefore moral principles or obligations have little or no force in actions among nations[3]. Kautilyas postulates on foreign policy international relations, national security to include internal and external security, war waging methodology to include Mantrayuddha or War by Counsel, Prakasayuddha or Open War, kutayuddha or Concealed War, Gudayuddha or Clandestine War. 14. Mandala Concept as the Basis of National Strategy. Kautilya, says that the the aggressor (Vijigishu), should conclude, peace when he finds that he is weaker than the enemy[4]; he should wage war when he finds himself to be stronger; he should adopt neutrality when assesses that neither he nor his enemy can settle the score; he should seek refuge when he is weak; and he should adopt the duel policy in a contingency requiring the help from, another ruler. War and foreign policy issues are thus decided in an ad hoc framework of political expediency. When progress is equally attainable by means of peace and war, Kautilya says that the former is to be preferred. This is so, for war involves expenditure in men and money, residence in a foreign land, and suffering.This chapter will include the following:- (a) Mandala Theory. Kautilya believed that countries which shared a common border were natural enemies. However, any state on the other side of that enemy is a natural choice for an ally for they, too, are at risk from the same enemy. In other words, he believed in the principle of â€Å"the enemy of my enemy is my friend.† The idea is best envisioned by a series of concentric circles (not a normal configuration of states, admittedly, but easier to describe), which actually makes them look a bit like a mandala. (b) Potential enemies. â€Å"A neighboring prince possessed of the excellences of an enemy is the foe; one in calamity is vulnerable; one without support or with weak support is fit to be exterminated; in the reverse case, fit to be harassed or weakened. These are the different types of enemies[5].† (c) Alliances. A perfect ally is said to have six qualities,namely, constant, under control, quickly mobilising, hereditary, great and not given to double dealing. (d) The six measures of foreign policy. Kautilya however believes that there are spin-offs of these, thus providing six methods of foreign policy. These are making peace, waging war, staying quiet, preparing for war, seeking support, and the dual policy of making peace with one while waging war against another[6]. Ones circumstances will dictate which methods should be used. 15. Application of Mandala Theory in the Contemporary Indian geo-political Scenario. This Chapter will include the classification of friends, enemies, potential enemies, and likely allies on the basis of Mandala theory. 16. Implication of Chinas Rise in Indian Perspective. This chapter will include the following:- (a) Chinas comprehensive strategy. (b) Chinese Balance of power strategy in Asia. (c) Chinese economic Strategy. (d) Chinas encirclement policy. (e) Relationship with Indias neighbours. (f) Chinas perception of India. (g) Indias perception of China. (h) Implication of Chinas strategy on Indias security. 17. Application of Kautilyan Wisdom in Sino-Indian Relations. This chapter will include the following:- (a) Chinese critical vulnerabilities. (b) Indian options to counter Chinese threat. (c) Suggested Indian Strategy against China. â€Å"Miraculous results can be achieved by practising the methods of subversion†. Kautilya CHAPTER II BACKGROUND General 1. Kautilya, also known as Chanakya [7]or Vishnugupta, was an Indian statesman and philosopher who lived around 350 B.C.E. He is one of the most famous Indian political thinkers who participated in the social and political revolutions of his age. Though he lived a long time ago, certain principles from his theory are still relevant in todays context. His most famous work is Arthashastra, translated differently by various authors, but in its most acceptable meaning, the â€Å"science of political economy[8].† The book, written in Sanskrit, discusses theories and principles of governing a state. Arthashastra remains unique in all of Indian literature because of its unabashed advocacy of realpolitik. Indian scholars continued to study it for its clear-cut arguments and formal prose till the twelfth century. After that period it lost its significance. It has again become the focus of attention of thinkers who want to see a change in the Indian foreign policy[9]. 2. Kautilya was a Brahmin minister under Chandragupta Maurya[10], the first king of the great Mauryan Empire in India. The empire was the largest and most powerful political and military empire of ancient India. It was founded in 321 B.C.E. by Chandragupta Maurya[11], who had overthrown the Nanda Dynasty and begun expanding his power across central and western India. The Empire stretched to the North along the natural boundaries of the Himalayas, and to the east stretching into what is now Assam. To the West, it reached beyond modern Pakistan and included Baluchistan in Persia and significant portions of what is now Afghanistan, including the modern Herat and Kandahar provinces. 3. Many call Kautilya the first political realist in the world.[12] His work differed from existing political theory in that it talked about ways of running the administration which were based more on self interest than on morality. The frank and brutal advice he offers the king in his treatise makes Machiavellis â€Å"The Prince† seem mild.[13] There are four different characteristics of a realist approach to international relations:[14] (a) The assumption that human nature is aggressive. (b) The belief that international relations will always be characterized by conflict. (c) The belief that the foremost goal of the king shall be the protection of the state and its people. (d) The belief that the state must be strong politically, economically, and militarily so as to minimize the possibility of an attack. 4. He thus talked about balance of power before this term was actually invented.[15] He said that the king should consider all his neighbors as his enemies and that any state on the opposite side of a neighbor is a potential ally. So, if countries were in a line, countries 1, 3, 5, 7 could be friends, as could 2, 4, and 6. But countries 1, 2, and 3 could never be friends. This status would change as soon as country 1 conquered country 2. From that very instant country 3 (a friend) would be the new enemy. This is called his ‘mandala theory.'[16] Arthashastra 5. It is necessary to bear in mind that the Arthashastra, â€Å"the science of wealth and warfare,† was just discovered and translated in the past century in Mysore by R. Shamasastry[17], and that until then, there was no knowledge of any such compilation, despite scant allusions made to an â€Å"Arthashastra,† and its alternative names â€Å"Nitisastra† and â€Å"Dandaniti,† in the Mahabharata[18].Thomas Trautmann dates the text to c.150 A.D. and, through rigorous statistical analysis, he concludes that the Arthashastra had several authors spanning a wide range of dates,[19] which adds to the puzzle of how historically obscure the text has been for over the past two millennia. Nevertheless, its secretive nature adds credence to its function as a handbook on efficient statecraft for kings and high-level ministers. 6. Artha has always been regarded as one of the four purusharthas,[20] yet its teachings have been relegated to animal fables and folklore. No such shastras seem to have been compiled for public knowledge, as was the case of the Dharmashastras and Kamashastras. In stark contrast to the latter, the manuscript discovered in 1902 by Shamasastry was compiled as a guidebook for kings and high-level officials, rather than the average individual. The result is a perspective advocating a top-down style of governance with little or no representation held by the general populace, and the continual maintenance of such a state with energetic leadership and extensive secret service. Though the king and upper echelons of society involuntarily accepted such authority because of religious ideals just as much as the general populace did, the Arthashastra suggests the existence of a small elite with a secular and realist outlook that actively worked to uphold this power scheme and determine the overal l course of the kingdom.[21] 7. It is for this reason that the Arthashastra advocates reordering the priorities of the purusharthas, by valuing materialism over religion and morality.[22] Similarly, R.P. Kangle notes that â€Å"these ideals are meant for individuals† and that the conduct of public life was not to be guided by these rules for individual morality[23]. Management of the state necessitated realism, not idealism. It required the prudence and precise calculation of measures undertaken alongside their short and long-term consequences, which formulated the theoretical beginnings of economics: â€Å"Wealth will slip away from that childish man who constantly consults the stars: the only [guiding] star of wealth is itself; what can the stars of the sky do? Man, without wealth, does not get it even after a hundred attempts. Just as elephants are needed to catch elephants, so does wealth capture more wealth[24].† Public welfare was contingent upon the strength of the state. The latter was achi eved by internal development or territorial expansion, both of which were realized through power[25]. 8. The Arthashastra regards both economics and foreign policy as zero-sum games: the state would need to prosper economically lest it be overtaken by wealthier imperialist neighbors or suffer from internal rebellion by discontented government officials and military leaders. Furthermore, internal development would naturally lead to population growth and would eventually necessitate expansion, which is why L.N. Rangarajan notes that â€Å"the aim of creating a well-run state is to provide the base for expansion. Continuing with this logic, Kautilya deals in Book 7 with all the theoretical possibilities of conducting an expansionist foreign policy.†[26] Hence, the prime motive of the state was the never-ending pursuit of artha. It is only after dedicating its energies to this end can the state or king then move on to fulfilling dharma and kama. 9. This Arthashastra is primarily a book of political realism where State is paramount and King shall carry out duties as advised in his book to preserve his state. For Kautilya, military strategy was an integral part of the science of polity[27] and he made no distinction between military techniques and statecraft. Kautilyas work is so deep rooted in realism that he goes to describe the gory and brutal means a King must adopt to be in power. This could have been one reason why Ashoka, the grandson of Chandragupta Maurya whom Kautilya advised renounced violence and war thus taking the path of Dharma or Morals. 10. I will also be making a few references to the other books of Arthashatra where topics of Management have been dealt with. The areas covered under Management include training, management education, leadership skills, selection of employees, consultation, crisis management, risk management, strategic management, corporate governance, information systems, intelligence network, competition, mergers and acquisitions, etc. among many others. Kautilya 11. There are a large of theories as to who Chanakya, or Kautilya or Vishnugupta , was. Kautilya was an enigmatic whose origin is shrouded in mystery. However, all sources of Indian tradition Brahmin, Buddhist and Jain agree that Kautilya destroyed the Nanda dynasty and installed Chandragupta Maurya on the throne of Magadha. 12. One theory about his origin is that Chanakya was a Kerala Brahmin who somehow reached the court of the Nanda king at Pataliputra[28]. The next theory is that Chanakya was a North Indian Brahmin born and educated in Taxila[29] and that he was physically ugly, had a disgusting complexion and his limbs were deformed. As per Jain tradition, his parents noticed that Chanakya was born with full set of teeth, a mark of future king. They had the teeth removed as either parent did not want him to become a King . He became a King maker instead. 13. At a very early age little Chanakya started studying Vedas. He later also studied politics and economics. As a student and later a professor, the University of Taxila became Chanakyas breeding ground of acquiring knowledge in the practical and theoretical aspects on all walks of life. However, with the Greek armies of Selucus threatening to invade India, and the various kingdoms in the subcontinent on the verge of war and aggression with each other, Chanakya left the university at Taxila, and proceeded in his own words to strengthen the country politically and economically and to save the country from the clutches of foreign invaders. 14. In Magadha, Chanakya was insulted by the King of Patliputra, Dhana Nanda and he vowed to destroy the Nanda dynasty. He came upon Chandragupta and together, Chanakya and Chandragupta set about attacking the Nanda kingdom until finally Chandragupta was installed as the king of Magadha[30]. According to written tradition, Chanakya was a fearless person, not afraid of death, disgrace or defeat. He was compassionate of the poor and evil to schemers. 15. Chanakya then retired from active life and reflected on all that he had learnt during the process of overthrowing Dhana Nanda. Since he found the earlier works on statecraft[31] unsatisfactory in many respects, he composed his own definitive work presenting his ideas concerning the ways in which a ruler should gain power and maintain his authority. For Chanakya, military strategy was an integral part of the science of polity and he made no distinction between military techniques and statecraft. Thus came into being the ‘Arthashastra. There is no doubt that this treatise is the work of a genius, who spoke of matters which have held relevance down the ages to contemporary times with striking infallibility. The military writings of Chanakya precede those of Machiavelli and Clausewitz by centuries but seldom has this fact been acknowledged much less credited outside India. â€Å"The king who understands the interdependence of the six methods of foreign policy, plays, as he pleases, with other rulers bound to him by the chains of his intellect†. Kautilya CHAPTER III KAUTILYAN FOREIGN POLICY Saptanga Concept Of State 16. Kautilyas theory of the state describes the seven constituent elements of any state[32] and is an exposition of the theory of the Circle of States (The mandala theory) as the basis for a foreign policy of expansion by conquest. Of the seven elements, six (the King, the ministers, the people, the fortified city, the Treasury and the army) are internal elements; only the ally is an element outside the borders. The structure and organization of the six internal elements of a well ordered state are fully developed and explained by Kautilya in books I to 5. The aim of creating a well-run state is to provide the base for expansion. Continuing this logic, Kautilya in Book 7 deaIs with all theoretical possibilities of conducting an expansionist foreign policy. Before a King actually sets out on an expedition of conquest he has to take steps to guard himself against the dangers which might weaken any of constituent elements of his own state. Kautilya uses the word calamity (vyasana) in th e precise sense of any event which weakens any constituent element of a state, thereby preventing it from being to its full potential in the conduct of foreign policy or war[33]. 17. This theory in one form or another (in part, as elements of national power), has survived to this very day as a mainstay of reflection and analysis of international politics. Kautilya enumerates the desirable qualities each of these elements should display and points out, too, that his list of elements is arranged in descending order of importance: each succeeding element is less important than the one before it, the king being most important of all. A ruler who possesses the elements of state and who wisely takes care of them will never be defeated, he says, and then devotes the whole of Book VIII[34] to a systematic analysis of the troubles and calamities which might befall each one of these elements (in other words, to their malfunctioning). 18. The king is the focal point of analysis; he strives to maintain and improve his position knowing that the determinants of status in international society are two: power and happiness: The possession of power and happiness in a greater degree makes a king superior to another; in a lesser degree, inferior; and in an equal degree, equal. Hence a king shall always endeavour to augment his power and elevate his happiness. 19. Neither power nor happiness is clearly or exhaustively defined or analysed. We know, however, that power is to be understood as strength and that it has three components[35]:- (a) Mantrashakti; Power of counsel, deliberation or decision-making, including capacity for intrigue. (b) Prabhushakti; The treasury and the army. (c) Utsahashakti; Resolve and determination. 20. Thus power refers essentially to activity and application of the elements of the state, just mentioned. Happiness on the other hand is that which can be attained by the use of power. It is to some degree a measure of success of foreign policy and the implementation of its objectives, but it also indicates those qualities such as righteousness and also internal stability and not power alone that enter into the determination of international status. 21. A kings position is not, however, unchanging; his status relative to another king is variable and needs continuous attention. A king prevents deterioration in his position and secures an improvement (a desire for which is a built-in feature of the system) in two ways: by attention to the elements of his power, and by external action. Kautilya enjoins the ruler to pursue power investment: a wise king adopts policies that add to the resources of his country and enable him to build forts, to construct buildings and commercial roads, to open new plantations and villages, to exploit mines and timber and elephant forests, and at the same time to harass similar works of the enemy[36]. Status is also obviously affected by successes in military and other fields, but the king is cautioned to rely on strengthening his own power before embarking upon foreign adventures. According to Kautilya, and here is one of the more interesting portions of his analysis, the kings status read national pow er determines his foreign policy. That policy differs according to whether it is directed toward kings who are superior, inferior or equal to him. The bulk of the international portions of the Arthashastra are a discussion of the policies that may be appropriately pursued by superior or inferior kings[37]. Postulates Of Foreign Policy 22. As a political realist, Kautilya assumed that every nation acts to maximize power and self-interest, and therefore moral principles or obligations have little or no force in actions among nations[38]. While it is good to have an ally, the alliance will last only as long as it is in that allys as well as ones own self-interest, because an ally looks to the securing of his own interests in the event of simultaneity of calamities and in the event of the growth of the enemys power[39]. Whether one goes to war or remains at peace depends entirely upon the self-interest of, or advantage to, ones kingdom: War and peace are considered solely from the point of view of profit. One keeps an ally not because of good will or moral obligation, but because one is strong and can advance ones own self-interest as well as the self-interest of the ally, for when one has an army, ones ally remains friendly, or (even) the enemy becomes friendly.[40] Because nations always act in their political, econ omic, and military self-interest, even times of peace have the potential to turn abruptly into times of war, allies into enemies, and even enemies into allies. Kautilya probably assumed that peaceful empires cannot last forever, and that conflict among smaller states is more common in history. 23. For Kautilya, this principle of foreign policy that nations act in their political, economic, and military self-interest was a timeless truth of his science of politics, or arthasastra. He did not believe that nations never act in an altruistic manner indeed, Kautilya advocated humanitarian acts that also coincided with ones self-interest but he did believe that one must assume, if entrusted with political or military power that ones neighbours will eventually act in their own interests. Put another way, one would be betraying ones own people if one did not assume a worst-case scenario. A nation forced to rely on the kindness of neighbouring states is weak and, unless it can change rapidly, doomed to destruction. 24. Arthashastra is concerned with the security and foreign policy needs of a small state, in an environment with numerous other small states. The scope for enlargement of this small state was limited to the Indian subcontinent. The area extending from the Himalayas in the north to the sea in the south and a thousand yojanas[41] wide from East to West is the area of operation of the King-Emperor'[42]. Territories beyond the subcontinent are not included, probably for the reason that the conqueror is expected to establish in the conquered territories a social order based on the Aryas dharma, varna and ashrama system. Kautilya perhaps considered the establishment of such a social order outside the limits of India impractical or even undesirable[43]. 25. The guiding principles which govern the Kautilyan theory of foreign policy are[44]:- (a) A king shall develop his state, i.e., augment its resources and power in order to enable him to embark on a campaign of conquest; (b) The enemy shall be eliminated; (c) Those who help are friends; (d) A prudent course shall always be adopted; (e) Peace is to be preferred to war; and (f) A kings behaviour, in victory and in defeat, must be just. 26. The first verse of {6.2}, ‘Sama vyayamau yogakshemayoryonih ‘The welfare of a state [ensuring the security of the state within its existing boundaries and acquiring new territory to enlarge it] depends on adopting a policy of non-intervention or overt action establish the basis for all foreign policy. 27. This non-intervention, a method designed to build up confidence between kings, is to be understood in a specialized sense. It is not a policy of doing nothing but the deliberate choice of a policy of keeping away from foreign entanglements, in order to enjoy the fruits of past acquisitions by consolidating them. 28. Vyayama, (industry or activity) implies an active foreign policy, Yoga, the objective of enlargement of ones power and influence, and, through these, ones territory. These are the two stages of policy. Both depend on the state making progress, either materially in terms of its treasury and army or diplomatically in terms of its relations with other states. 29. The problem of defence of a state is intimately bound up with the question of its foreign relations. It is from hostile states that the state needs to be defended. Foreign relations are mainly discussed from the stand point of the â€Å"Vijigisu†[45]. In other words, it seeks to show how a state, desirous of extending its influence and expanding its territory, should conduct its relations with foreign states. A states position is determined by its relative progress or relative decline vis-a-vis other states in the neighbourhood. 30. The most important of a kings neighbours is the ‘enemy. Among the states surrounding a kingdom, there is always one who is the natural enemy. Presumably, this is the one neighbour who has designs on the king and, in the absence of any action, will be out to attack the king. The other neighbours may be hostile (aribhavi), friendly (mitrabhavi) or vassal (bhrityabhavi). There may also be a small buffer state between the king and the enemy (antardih). However, the main target of the conqueror is always the designated natural enemy; ‘one cannot make peace with an enemy'[46]. The reason for many aspects of the analysis of foreign policy being couched in terms of the conqueror out manoeuvring the enemy, is that the enemy is also the target of the diplomacy of the conqueror. When the conditions are ripe, a military campaign will be undertaken against him. 31. Allies are important; in fact, allies are described as a ‘constituent element of a state, the only external constituent. An alliance is based on giving help. â€Å"A friend is ever a well-wisher†[47]. Kautilya gives us a comprehensive analysis of the type of kings with whom an alliance is desirable and the types of allies based on their character and motivation. 32. Since prudence should always govern choice of policy, Kautilya is against both spineless submission and foolhardy valour[48]. Therefore, peace should always be preferred to war: ‘When the degree of progress is the same in pursu UK Construction Industry: Health and Safety Analysis UK Construction Industry: Health and Safety Analysis To formulate a Comparative Analysis of the Health and Safety Practices and Procedures to the UK Construction Industry and their application to a Large Commercial Construction Organisation Rebecca Barraclough Table of Contents (Jump to) Rationale Introduction Aims, Objectives Hypothesis Aims Objectives Hypothesis Null Hypothesis Initial Literature Review Methodology 1. Rationale The increased emphasis on health and safety in the construction industry in more recent years is the key influence of this study. In particular the company I am employed by has upped its game in terms of safety measures and places a substantial emphasis on the importance of health and safety. I feel a comparative analysis of the companys performance in comparison to how the rest of the industry is performing would provide them with beneficial information and help to identify strengths and weaknesses within the company. 2. Introduction Health and safety within the workplace has come a long way particularly since the introduction of the Health and Safety at Work Act (HSWA) 1974. Historically people often accepted that accidents and ill-health were all part of having a job and greater risks were taken without much regard to safety measures. Over time health and safety within the work place has become increasingly dominant with a greater emphasis on safety measures. However, although statistics produced by the Health and safety Executive shows there has been a decline in the number of work place accidents, in the period of 2015/2016 alone 1.3 million working people suffered from a work-related illness. (HSE.gov) It is clear that this still remains a dominant issue and there is room for improvement. Employees, members of public and visitors equally have a right to protection of their health and safety when in and around a work place. Legislation and regulations are firmly in place to regulate this; often issues are identified and improvement notices are issued nevertheless more serious injuries and fatalities are covered by Criminal Law and could lead to major fines and even imprisonment. As reported by the Health and Safety Executive the construction industry is a major employer equating to around 6% of the workforce in the UK. This study will look into the background of health and safety in construction, analysing accident statistics and safety measures. It will include a comparative analysis of the performance of a large commercial construction company compared with other leading contractors within the industry. 3. Aims, Objectives Hypothesis 3.1 Aims To analyse health, safety and welfare performance within the construction industry Compare the performance of a large commercial construction organisation to the wider industry and evaluate behavioural safety within the organisation 3.2 Objectives Background to construction health safety and welfare performance over the last 10 years To identify the 5 highest risk activities in the construction industry and the safety measures implemented to reduce the risk. Compare the performance of a large commercial construction organisation in comparison of how the rest of the industry is performing and evaluate their behavioural safety culture To capture and appraise any emerging trends to consider areas of good performance and possible areas of improvement 3.3 Hypothesis Statistics will show that there has been a decrease in the number of accidents reported to the Health and Safety Executive within the construction industry over the past 10 years 3.4 Null hypothesis Statistics will show that there has been an increase in the number of accidents reported to the Health and Safety Executive within the construction industry over the past 10 years 4. Initial Literature Review 4.1 Health and Safety Defined Health and Safety in general terms can be defined as Regulations and procedures intended to prevent accident or injury in workplaces or public environments (oxforddictionaries.com) 4.2 Health and Safety at Work Everyday masses of people leave the safety of their homes to go to work and earn a living; it is their right to return home at the end of the day free from injury and ill-health. Not only do employers have responsibilities to keep their employees safe but individuals also have a duty to protect their own wellbeing. 4.3 Health and Safety at Work Ack 1974 (HSWA) The Health and Safety at Work Act was introduced in 1974 in attempts to improve health, safety and welfare within the work place. In England, Scotland and Wales this is the primary legislation of health and safety and sets out stringent guidelines and regulations, it also imposes legal duties on both employees and employers. Considerable amount of the legislation within the Act incorporates the recommendations made by Lord Roben in his health and safety at work report, published in 1972. The report aimed to identify any improvements necessary to the health and safety of persons at work by reviewing current provisions. Some of the legal duties imposed on both employers and employees are set out below: Employers Responsibilities; Protect the health, safety and welfare at work of all employees Provide and maintain plant and systems of work that are safe and without risk to health Have arrangements for ensuring safety and absence of risk to health in connection with use, handling, storage and transport of articles and substances Provide such information, instruction, training and supervision as is necessary to ensure health and safety at work of employees Maintain any place of work under their control in a condition that is safe and without risk to health, and with access to and egress from it, that are safe and without such risks Provide and maintain an environment that is safe, without risks to health and adequate as regards with the welfare of employees (citb 2015, pg 5) Employees Responsibilities: Take responsible care for the health and safety of themselves or others who may be affected by their acts or omissions Co-operate with their employer in all matters relating to health and safety Not intestinally or recklessly interfere with or misuse anything provided in the interests of health, safety or welfare Use anything provided by the employer in accordance with instructions Report anything that is thought to be dangerous (citb 2015, pg 6) 4.4 The Health and Safety Commission The Royal Assent of the HSWA was followed by the formation of the The Health and Safety Commission (HSC). The primary responsibility of the HSCs was to ensure the security of peoples health, safety and welfare at work, to protect the public from potential harm caused by work situations and to provide guidance about the provisions enforced with in the Act to local authorities and the Health and Safety Executives. 4.5 The Health and Safety Executive 1975 saw the introduction of The Health and Safety Executive (HSE). The remit of the HSE was to enforce health and safety legislation within the workplace, they consist of health and safety inspectors who visit a workplace without notice and carry out inspections. They have the authority to issue improvement notices or prohibition notices when company/individuals are in breach of health and safety law or in some cases prosecute. 4.6 Health and Safety in Construction The construction industry is diverse and could be seen as one of the higher risk industries due to the nature of works and specialist activities that take place on a construction site. The HSE collate data and statistics on accident rates within the industry, research suggests that 5% of the UK industry is made up from construction. Although this appears to be minimal, figures show that 10% of minor injuries and 22% of fatalities reported occur within this sector. In the period of 2015-2016 they reported that 43 fatalities occurred in the construction industry alone. They estimate that around 4% of employees in construction are affected by a work related illness each year and 3% sustain an injury through work. This would equate to 2.2 million working days lost. With all of this in mind it is clear that the emphasis of health and safety needs to remain a dominant influence. 4.7 Build UK Build UK focuses on key industry issues that can deliver change and enable the construction supply chain to improve the efficiency and delivery of construction projects for the benefit of the UK economy. (builduk.org) Health and safety is one of the issues focused on by Build UK, they aim to identify common standards that would improve health and safety performance and continually strive to improve the management of safety. Currently 27 large contractors are members of Build UK and their accident statistics are recorded annually. Such figures would from a basis for a comparative analysis between some of the leading contractors in the UK in terms of safety performance. 4.8 Statistics At first glance it appears that there has been a decline in the in number of accidents occurring in the construction industry each year. The table below was taken from the labour force survey and shows the trend of self-reported none-fatal injuries per 100,000 workers between the years 2000 to 2016; Source: Labour Force Survey (LFS) 4.9 Behavioural Safety Often many accidents in the workplace could be easily avoided, a significant amount of accidents are caused by unreasonable behaviour or ignorance. Using behavioural safety models within a work place encourages manager and workforce participation and can often influence peoples attitudes and behaviours towards safety. It promotes communication and reinforces safe behaviour. Below is the model used in the behavioural safety programme; Source HSE.GOV 5. Methodology Research can be described as a method of finding out new facts and drawing up conclusions, it is also a way of expanding existing knowledge. Triangulation Triangulation in research can be defined as; using two or more sources using two or more methods more than one researcher exploring the same object A triangulation method is to be used in this study to gather a varied amount of data to reflect the industry and increase validity. Both primary and secondary research will be incorporated; the source of the secondary research will be textbooks, official publications and official statistics. The primary research will include a mixed method approach of questionnaires and interviews. Methodological Model Data Collection Both the primary and secondary research will incorporate a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods in attempts to increase the validity of the information collected. There are advantages of both methods; Quantitative; Data can be collected and analysed within a reasonable amount of time Results taken from a sample can be generalized if the response rate is reasonably high and if the sample is representable It is often reliable and repeatable research It can be anonymous and ethical Qualitative; Topics can be explored in depth and with greater detail Uses subjective information Offers flexibility as fewer participants are needed Semi-structured questionnaires including both open and closed ended question will be sent out to participants, a representable sample will be used from the hierarchy of construction to increase the validity of the data; In attempts to increase the response rate a percentage of the questionnaires will be handed out following on from a site induction, I predict that 100% of these will be completed. The remaining will be emailed or handed out in person, in total I estimate that 70% of all questionnaires will returned. Interviews will be carried out as the second part of the primary research; the interviewees will be within a large commercial construction organisation and will include a health and safety manager, a site manager and an operative. There will also be an interview carried on an employee of the HSE; this will be to gain an outside non bias perspective. Data Analysis https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/health_and_safety http://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/history/index.htm http://www.chsg.co.uk/news/health-and-safety-in-the-uk-construction-industry/ http://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/ http://www.hse.gov.uk/STATISTICS/industry/construction/construction.pdf http://www.kier.co.uk/~/media/Files/K/Kier/Annual%20Reports/annual-reports-2016/download/Kier%20CR%20reporting%20guidelines%20rev%201.pdf